pizzaasfen.blogg.se - Natural monopoly

As a result, one firm is able to supply the total quantity demanded in the market at lower cost than two or more firms-so splitting up the natural monopoly would raise the average cost of production and force customers to pay more.

This typically happens when fixed costs are large relative to variable costs. A natural monopoly arises when average costs are declining over the range of production that satisfies market demand. A natural monopoly poses a difficult challenge for competition policy, because the structure of costs and demand seems to make competition unlikely or costly.

Contrast cost-plus and price cap regulation.

Interpret a graph of regulatory choices.

Evaluate the appropriate competition policy for a natural monopoly.

Principles of Microeconomics – Hawaii Edition Introduction to Globalization and ProtectionismĢ0.1 Protectionism: An Indirect Subsidy from Consumers to ProducersĢ0.2 International Trade and Its Effects on Jobs, Wages, and Working ConditionsĢ0.3 Arguments in Support of Restricting ImportsĢ0.4 How Trade Policy Is Enacted: Globally, Regionally, and NationallyĪppendix A: The Use of Mathematics in Principles of Economics Introduction to Information, Risk, and Insuranceġ6.1 The Problem of Imperfect Information and Asymmetric Informationġ7.1 How Businesses Raise Financial Capitalġ7.2 How Households Supply Financial Capitalġ8.1 Voter Participation and Costs of Electionsġ8.3 Flaws in the Democratic System of Governmentġ9.2 What Happens When a Country Has an Absolute Advantage in All Goodsġ9.3 Intra-industry Trade between Similar Economiesġ9.4 The Benefits of Reducing Barriers to International TradeĬhapter 20. Introduction to Issues in Labor Markets: Unions, Discrimination, ImmigrationĬhapter 16. Issues in Labor Markets: Unions, Discrimination, Immigration Introduction to Poverty and Economic Inequalityġ4.4 Income Inequality: Measurement and Causesġ4.5 Government Policies to Reduce Income InequalityĬhapter 15. Introduction to Positive Externalities and Public Goodsġ3.1 Why the Private Sector Under Invests in Innovationġ3.2 How Governments Can Encourage InnovationĬhapter 14.

Environmental Lawsġ2.6 The Tradeoff between Economic Output and Environmental ProtectionĬhapter 13. Introduction to Environmental Protection and Negative Externalitiesġ2.4 The Benefits and Costs of U.S.

Environmental Protection and Negative Externalities Introduction to Monopoly and Antitrust PolicyĬhapter 12. Introduction to Monopolistic Competition and OligopolyĬhapter 11. Introduction to Cost and Industry Structureħ.1 Explicit and Implicit Costs, and Accounting and Economic Profitħ.2 The Structure of Costs in the Short Runħ.3 The Structure of Costs in the Long RunĨ.1 Perfect Competition and Why It MattersĨ.2 How Perfectly Competitive Firms Make Output DecisionsĨ.3 Entry and Exit Decisions in the Long RunĨ.4 Efficiency in Perfectly Competitive Marketsĩ.1 How Monopolies Form: Barriers to Entryĩ.2 How a Profit-Maximizing Monopoly Chooses Output and PriceĬhapter 10. Introduction to Labor and Financial MarketsĤ.1 Demand and Supply at Work in Labor MarketsĤ.2 Demand and Supply in Financial MarketsĤ.3 The Market System as an Efficient Mechanism for Informationĥ.1 Price Elasticity of Demand and Price Elasticity of Supplyĥ.2 Polar Cases of Elasticity and Constant ElasticityĦ.2 How Changes in Income and Prices Affect Consumption ChoicesĦ.4 Intertemporal Choices in Financial Capital Markets Introduction to Choice in a World of ScarcityĢ.1 How Individuals Make Choices Based on Their Budget ConstraintĢ.2 The Production Possibilities Frontier and Social ChoicesĢ.3 Confronting Objections to the Economic Approachģ.1 Demand, Supply, and Equilibrium in Markets for Goods and Servicesģ.2 Shifts in Demand and Supply for Goods and Servicesģ.3 Changes in Equilibrium Price and Quantity: The Four-Step Process 1.1 What Is Economics, and Why Is It Important?ġ.3 How Economists Use Theories and Models to Understand Economic Issuesġ.4 How Economies Can Be Organized: An Overview of Economic Systems